sweet chestnut tree groves in curral das freiras madeira island, an example of beneficial non-native species

agriculture alien autonomous beneficial biogeography camara castanea central chestnut conservation cooler cultivated curral das deciduous ecology ecosystem endemic environmental fagaceae freiras geographical groundwater grove insular invasive island isolation lobos macaronesia madeira madeiras microclimates microhabitat moisture mountain municipality native non portugal protection range region retention sativa services soil species sweet tree valley volcanic