spruce forests infested and attacked by the european spruce bark beetle pest ips typographus, clear cut calamity caused

acid attacked bark beech beetle calamity caused chop cut cycle czech dead down ecological economic emission emissions environment europe european forests global infested insects interactions ips larvae logging nitrogen non original oxides ozone pest phloem pine planting pupa rains salvage scolytinae small spruce stands stump sulfur tree trees typographus warming