rutherford technique (gold foil experiment)

rutherford technique gold foil experiment backscattering spectrometry rbs ion scattering used thin-film analysis reference standards high energy ions passed sample distribution backscattered yield angle measured alpha atom atomic chemical chemistry container corpuscular detection discovery education electron electrons element encyclopedia energy ernest experiment foil gold sheet laboratory learning lesson liquid model nature negative neutron nucleus object particles physical physics planetary positive proton quantum radiation radioactive radium reflection rutherford atom science shape structure study vector