plasma's effective osmolality defense ensures balanced hydration

plasma osmolality defense hydration cellular physiological stability homeostasis regulation blood solutes electrolytes balance kidneys hormones antidiuretic aldosterone vasopressin renin angiotensin renal sodium potassium chloride osmoregulation fluid pressure concentration diuresis reabsorption excretion volume dehydration hyperosmolality hypoosmolality aquaporins cell membranes transporters extracellular intracellular bloodbrain barrier thirst hypernatremia hyponatremia diuretics hypercalcemia hypocalcemia osmotic isotonic 2d graphic