mechanisms of high mutation rates in rna viruses

mutation replication recombination reassortment substitution insertion deletion transversion transition hypermutation quasispecies diversity variability evolution adaptation attenuation virulence fitness selection drift shift editing proofreading fidelity polymerase mutagenesis antigenicity pathogenicity transmissibility zoonosis spillover emergence persistence resistance escape bottleneck founder epistasis codon nucleotide genome transcript proteome replicase helicase