mechanisms of high mutation rates in rna viruses: implications for viral evolution and pathogenicity

mutation rates replication fidelity rna-dependent rna polymerase genetic diversity quasispecies antigenic drift shift viral evolution adaptive mutations host adaptation fitness mutagenesis recombination reassortment variation replication error-prone nucleotide substitutions insertion deletion point frameshift codon usage bias editing hypermutation selective pressure immune escape persistence zoonotic transmission cross-species pathogenesis attenuation vaccine antiviral resistance compensatory epistatic interactions bottlenecks founder effect molecular epidemiology phylogenetic analysis sequence conservation positive selection negative convergent evolution