impact of high mutation rates on rna virus adaptation and immune evasion strategies

mutation rates replication fidelity rnadependent rna polymerase genetic diversity quasispecies antigenic drift shift viral evolution adaptive mutations host adaptation fitness mutagenesis recombination reassortment variation errorprone nucleotide substitutions insertion deletion point frameshift codon usage bias editing hypermutation selective pressure immune escape persistence zoonotic transmission crossspecies pathogenesis attenuation vaccine antiviral resistance compensatory epistatic interactions bottlenecks founder effect molecular epidemiology phylogenetic analysis sequence conservation positive selection negative convergent