of energy transfer in ecosystems through trophic levels. concept ecosystem dynamics,

energy transfer ecosystems trophic levels food chain web producers consumers decomposers primary secondary tertiary herbivores carnivores omnivores flow biomass pyramid ecological efficiency predatorprey relationship balance nutrient cycling autotrophs heterotrophs detritivores scavengers apex predators keystone species succession transformation niche biodiversity conservation ecosystem stability resilience symbiotic relationships mutualism aigenerated concept dynamics structure chains