extrahepatic substrates support ketogenesis beyond the liver, aiding in energy production during fasting or low-carb states,

acetylcoa gluconeogenesis ketogenesis metabolism glucose lipids nutrition fats ketones liver oxidation substrates glucagon insulin hormones sugar betaoxidation enzymes glycogen ketogenic acetoacetylcoa ketosis metabolic nutritional mitochondria ketone citrate diet mevalonate atp bodies carbohydrates triglycerides pathways lipid oxidative ketonaemia pyruvate lactate acetone glycolysis hyperketonemia ketolysis ketoses graphic 2d