discovering hydrothermal vents unique ecosystems thriving on chemosynthesis in extreme conditions

activity adaptations aquatic biodiversity biogeochemical brine chemistry chemosynthesis chemosynthetic communities conditions cycling deep ecological ecosystem ecosystems emissions energy environmental extreme extremophiles fauna geology geothermal gradients habitats hydrothermal life marine microbial niches nutrient oceanic organisms pools processes relationships ridges sea sedimentation services stability submarine symbiotic thermal trophic unique vent vents volcanic