deciduous forest entwined with ivy

aculeatus asparagaceae betulus black bouquets brooms butchersbroom carbonate carpinus central community coppice deciduous ecology english entwined epiphytes europe european evergreen forest forestry green grove hardwood hedera hedge hedgerow helix hornbeam hornbeamwood ivy lianas management perennial relic round ruscus sea sector shrub sleet soils subtropical tertiary timber tree twined undergrowth understory underwood vine wood woodland wreaths