damage, defoliation and deforestation caused by high numbers of winter moth operophtera brumata caterpillars

animal aphids brumata butterflies butterfly cankerworm caterpillar caterpillars caused closeup damage defoliation deforestation destruction ecology entomology environment evolution fauna flora flower forest garden global green hairy hibernation high inchworms insect insects invasion invertebrate larva larvae lava leaf lepidoptera loopers macro migration moth moths nature numbers operophtera outdoors pest season spanworms spring warming weather wildlife winter woodland