brown nepenthes rafflesiana pitcher live in natural habitats

carnivorous plants pitcher traps insects prey digestion fluid attraction leaves modified tropical diversity biodiversity borneo sumatra malaysia indonesia philippines sri lanka madagascar species adaptation evolution symbiosis nutrients enzymes unique morphology coloration botany ecology habitat rainforest vine tendrils hairs nepenthes rajah alata ventricosa pitcher lid nectar camouflage ants flypaper carnivory trapdoor endangered research conservation hybridization fascination